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【高考全托】高中英语知识归纳总结

发布时间:2023-09-12 15:27:42    点击:

高中英语知识归纳总结
一、句子成分
      组成句子的各个部分叫句子成分。英语中句子成分有主语,谓语,表语,宾语,宾语补足语,定语,状语等。 在句子中的顺序一般是主语,谓语,宾语,宾语补足语,而表语,定语,状语的位置要根据情况而定。
1.主语
主语是句子主要说明的人或事物,一般由名词,代词,数词,不定式等充当。
Tom is good at playing football.
汤姆擅长踢足球。
2.谓语
谓语主要说明主语的动作,状态或特征。由动词(或短语动词)构成,可以有不同的时态,语态和语气。
We are studying English now.
我们现在正在学英语。
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3.表语
表语是谓语的一部分,它位于系动词be之后,说明主语的身份,特征,属性或状态。一般由名词,代词,形容词,副词,不定式,介词短语等充当。
We are Chinese.
我们是中国人。
4.宾语
宾语表示动作或行为的对象,跟在及物动词之后。能作宾语的有:名词,代词,数词,动词不定式等。
另外,有些及物动词可以带两个宾语,往往一个指人,一个指物,指人的叫间接宾语,指物的叫直接宾语。
He gave me a book.
他给我一本书。
有些及物动词的宾语后面还需要有一个补足语,意思才完整,宾语和它的补足语构成复合宾语。
We elected him monitor.
我们选他做班长。
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5.定语
在句中修饰名词或代词的成分叫定语。用作定语的主要是形容词,代词,数词,名词,副词,动词不定式,介词短语等。形容词,代词,数词,名词等作定语时,通常放在被修饰词的前面。
He is a new student.
他是个新生。
但副词,动词不定式,介词短语等作定语时,则通常放在被修饰词之后。
The bike in the room is mine.
房间里的自行车是我的。
6.状语
修饰动词,形容词,副词以及全句的句子成分,叫做状语。用作状语的通常是副词,介词短语,不定式和从句等。状语一般放在被修饰的词之后或放在句尾。副词作状语时可放在被修饰的词前或句首。
We will have the meeting in the big hall.
我们将在那个大厅里开会。
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7. 同位语
用于说明前面某一个名词或代词的内容的成分就叫同位语。通常由名词、名词词组、反身代词、同位语从句充当。
Tom, monitor of our class, is always doing well in the exam.
汤姆,我们班的班长,考试总是考得很好。
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二、句子种类
从句子的结构来讲,句子分为简单句,并列句和复合句三类。
(一) 简单句
由一个主语(或者并列主语)和一个谓语(或者并列谓语)所构成的句子叫简单句。简单句分为陈述句、疑问句、祈使句、感叹句四种。
1. 陈述句
凡是说明一件事情,指出看法,或者表达一种心情的句子是陈述句。陈述句分为肯定句和否定句。尤其注意由否定词构成的否定句;两者全部否定用neither或nor;两者的部分否定用not+both;三者以上的否定用none, nothing, nobody, no one等。
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Neither John nor Mary is here.
约翰和玛丽都不在这里。
Nobody agrees with what you said.
没有人同意你所说的话。
同时还要注意否定转移的情况,这类动词主要有think, believe, suppose, feel, expect等,但是hope不发生否定转移。
I don’t think he has time to play with me.
我想他没有时间和我玩。
I hope you weren’t ill.
我想你没生病吧。
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2. 疑问句
疑问句用以提出问题,按结构分为四类:一般疑问句,特殊疑问句,反义疑问句和选择疑问句。
(1) 一般疑问句:对某一情况是否属实提出疑问,一般用yes或no来回答,有两种形式:
be/have+主语+其他?
助动词(情态动词)+主语+行为动词+其他?
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(2) 特殊疑问句:用疑问词(what, who, how, why, when, where ...)提问,一般有两种结构:疑问词+一般疑问句型结构。
What are you doing?
你正在做什么?
疑问词作主语或主语的定语时用陈述语序。
What is your name?
你叫什么名字。
(3) 反意疑问句:表示提问者有一定的主观看法,但没有把握,希望对方来证实;有四种形式:前肯定后否定、前否定后肯定、前后都肯定、前后都否定,较为常用的有两种:前肯定后否定、前否定后肯定。
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注意:
①反意疑问句的回答应该以事实为依据,而不能依照中文的习惯回答。
—He isn’t a student, is he?
他不是一名学生,是吗?
—No. He isn’t.(是啊,他不是学生。)
/Yes. He is.(不,他是个学生。)
②注意反意疑问句否定提前时的情况。
I dont think he is honest, is he?
我认为他不诚实,是吗?
③一般来说句子里包含表示否定的副词,反意疑问部分选用肯定式; 如果包含的是表示否定的动词则不遵循此规则。
He has never been to the US, has he?
他从来没到过美国,是吗?
He dislikes such a man, doesn’t he?
他不喜欢像这样的人,是不是?
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④在并列句中,反意疑问句部分要和第二个分句保持一致。
She isn’t a diligent student, for it is the third time that she has been late for school, isn’t it?
她不是一个勤奋的学生,因为这是她第三次迟到了,是不是?
⑤反意疑问句的构成形式为:主语+表示想法的状态动词+宾语从句,如果主句主语为第一人称,反意疑问的为宾语从句的主语;如果主句的主语为二、三人称,那么反意疑问的为主句的主语。
I don’t think he is lazy, is he?
我认为他不懒惰,是吗?
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You all know that he is honest, don’t you?
你们都知道他诚实,是不是?
注意:英语口语中常用句型: (主语)祈使句 ...等+will you?往往表示一种建议、命令、恳求等,与反意疑问句有点相似。
You clean the floor today, will you?
今天你擦地,好吗?
Those boys over there please come here, will you?
那边的那些男孩来这里,好吗?
(4) 选择疑问句:形式上与一般疑问句相似,但里面包含两个答案,用“or”连接,不能简单地用yes/no回答。
 Are you from Scotland or England?
你是来自苏格兰还是英格兰?
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3. 祈使句
祈使句表示请求、命令、叮嘱、号召等,谓语动词用原形。当说话对象是第二人称时,一般省略主语,但如果要特别强调对方或表达某种情绪时可以有主语或加称呼语。若说话对象是第一人称或第三人称时,常用“Let+宾语+动词原形”。
Don’t be careless!
别粗心大意!
You be quiet!
你给我安静点!
Let’s go now, shall we?
让我们现在走吧,好吗?
Let us go now, will you?
我们现在走吧,怎么样?
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4. 感叹句
感叹句表示喜怒哀乐等情绪,句末用“!”;多用what或how引起:what用来修饰名词;how用来修饰形容词、副词或动词。
What a beautiful park it is!
那是一个多么美丽的公园呀!
How beautiful the park is!
那个公园多美呀!
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(二)并列句
包含有两个或更多互不依从的主谓结构的句子,就是并列句。并列句的分句通常由一个并列连词来连接。
常见的并列连词有and, but, though, however, while, or, for, so, therefore, not only ...but also ..., either ...or ...等。
It is raining outside, so we will stay at home.
外面正在下雨,因此我们待在家里。
He couldn’t go to school, for he was poor.
他不能去上学,因为他很穷。
Jane was dressed in brown while Mary was dressed in blue.
珍妮穿着棕色的衣服,而玛丽穿的衣服是蓝色的。
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(三)复合句
如果一个句子包含两个或者更多的主谓结构,其中一个(或更多)主谓结构充当句子的某一(些)成分,就是复合句。充当句子成分的主谓结构称为从句,从句只能是句子的一个成分,不能独立,常由从属连词引出,总是用陈述语序。根据从句在句子中的作用,可分为名词性从句,形容词性从句(定语从句)和副词性从句(状语从句)三类。
Whether she will come or not is still a question.
她是否会来仍是个问题。
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The question is who can complete the difficult task.
问题是谁能完成这个困难的工作。
Do you know who (whom) they are waiting for?
你知道他们在等谁吗?
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在句子中起名词作用的从句叫名词性从句 (Noun Clauses)。 名词性从句的功能相当于名词词组, 它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语等,因此根据它在句中不同的语法功能,名词性从句可分为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。其关联词有连接词that,if,whether;连接代词who,whom,whose,what,which,whoever,whomever,whatever,whichever;连接副词when,where,why,how等。
名词性从句
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一、主语从句
    作句子主语的从句叫主语从句。that在句中无具体词义,只起连接作用;连接代词和连接副词在句中既保留自己的疑问含义,又起连接作用,在从句中充当从句的成分。
    What he wants to tell us is not clear.
    他要跟我们说什么,还不清楚。
    Where the English evening will be held has not yet been announced.
    英语晚会将在哪里举行,还没有宣布。
    Whoever breaks the law should be punished.
   任何违法的人都要受到惩罚。
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有时为避免句子头重脚轻,常用it代替主语从句作形式主语置于句首,而把主语从句置于句末。常用句型如下:
    (1) It+be+名词+that从句
    (2) It+be+形容词+that从句
    (3) It+be+动词的过去分词+that从句
    (4) It+不及物动词+that 从句
   It is a pity that he cant come to my birthday party.
   很遗憾,他不能来参加我的生日晚会。
二、宾语从句
     用作宾语的从句叫宾语从句,在句中可以作及物动词或介词的宾语。由连接词that引导宾语从句时,that在句中不担任任何成分,在口语或非正式的文体中常被省去,但若从句是并列句时,第二个及后面分句前的that不可以省略。宾语从句要使用陈述语序。
    The report shows (that) we are making some progress but that we need to make grater efforts.
    这份报告表明我们正在取得一些进步,但还需要作出更大的努力。
    I want to know what he has told you.
    我想知道他告诉了你什么。
    She always thinks of how she can work well.
    她总是在想怎样能把工作做好。
     She will give whoever needs help a warm support.
     凡是需要帮助的人,她都会给予热情的支持。
   注意:如果宾语从句后还有宾语补足语,则要用it作形式宾语,而将宾语从句后置。
     He has made it clear that he will not give in.
   他清楚地表明他不会屈服。
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三、表语从句
    在句中作表语的从句叫表语从句,表语从句位于连系动词之后。
    The fact is that we have lost the game.
    事实是我们已经输了这场比赛。
    That’s just what I want.
    这正是我想要的。
    This is where our problem lies.
    这就是我们的问题所在。
    It looks as if it is going to rain.
     看上去要下雨了。
    需要注意的是,当主语是reason时,表语从句要用that引导而不是because。
   The reason why he was late was that he got caught in a traffic jam on the way.
    他迟到的原因是在路上遇到了交通堵塞。
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四、同位语从句
    同位语从句跟在一个名词之后,对该名词的具体内容作进一步解释说明。后跟同位语从句的常见名词有:advice, demand, doubt, fact, hope, idea, information, message, news, order, problem, promise, question, request, suggestion, truth, wish, word等。
   The news that we won the game is exciting.
   我们赢得这场比赛的消息令人激动。
   I have no idea when he will come back home.
   我不知道他什么时候回来。
   The thought came to him that Mary had probably fallen ill.
    他想到玛丽可能生病了。
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五、注意以下几个问题:
1. whether与if
都可当“是否”讲时,在下列情况下一般用whether,不用if:
1) 引导主语从句并在句首时;
2) 引导表语从句时;
3) 引导从句作介词宾语时;
4) 从句后有“or not”时;
5) 引导同位语从句时;
6) 后接动词不定式时。
Whether there is life on the moon is an interesting question.
月球上有没有生命是个有趣的问题。
The question is whether she will accept our offer.
问题是她是否会接受我们的提议。
Everything depends on whether we have enough money.
 一切要看我们是否有足够的钱。
I cant decide whether to stay.
我不能决定是否留下。
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2. that引导同位语从句和引导定语从句的区别
   that引导定语从句时,充当句子成分,具有双重作用,在从句中作宾语时可以省略; that引导同位语从句时,只起连接作用,没有词汇意义,不充当句子成分,一般不能省略。
   试比较下面两个例句:
   I had no idea that you were here.(that引导同位语从句,不能省略)
   我不知道你在这里。
    Have you got the idea(that)this book gives you of life in ancient Greece?(that引导定语从句,作宾语,可以省略)
     你通过这本书对古希腊人的生活了解了吗?
定语从句是中学英语学习的主要语法内容之一,也是高考英语的常考知识点。在历年的高考试题中,相对集中地考查了非限制性定语从句、关系代(副)词的用法、语义重复、主谓一致及“介词+which(whom)”等有关定语从句的知识。
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定语从句常见考点
   一、非限制性定语从句
   非限制性定语从句是高考试题中出现频率最高的考点。
   1.引导非限制性定语从句时,可以用引导词which(但不可以用that)。
三、“介词+关系代词(which /whom)”引导的定语从句
In the office I never seem to have time until after 5:30 pm            ,many people have gone home.
A.whose time      B.that       C.on which         D.by which time
解析:选D。by which time即:by“after 5:30”(到五点三十分以后)。介词的选择,取决于这个介词与先行词或从句之间的关系。又如: Lei Feng, from whom we have once learned a lot,is now an example to the soldiers of West Point Military School(西点军校)of America.  关系代词前面的介词from,与从句中的谓语动词learn构成习惯表达learn from(向……学习)。
四、语义的重复
   He made another wonderful discovery,  of great importance to science.
   A.which I think is      B.which I think it is
   C.which I think it       D.I think is
解析:选A。选项B重复了宾语it,因为关系代词which是think的逻辑宾语;此外,引导非限制性定语从句的连词不能省略,故选项D也不正确。
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五、“介词+whom”引导的定语从句与 who /whom引导的宾语从句作介词宾语时的区别
定语从句难点分析
    定语从句是高中阶段的重点语法项目之一。因此,有必要全面弄清其用法。定语从句从句型上讲,它与以下六种句式相似,十分容易混淆。为了分清定语从句与这六种句型的差异,现将其分类例析如下:
一、定语从句与并列句
    用一个恰当的单词完成下列句子,使之完整与正确。
    ①Mr Li has three daughters,none of               is an engineer.
    ②Mr Li has three daughters,but none of               is a dancer.
    ③Mr Li has three daughters;                 are doctors.
    定语从句与并列句的主要区别在于:并列句有and,but,so等并列连词或两个句子用分号连接,这时就不能再用引导定语从句的关系词了。从结构上看,①小题是定语从句,故填whom;②小题有并列连词but,是并列句,故填代词 them;③小题是两个并列分句,无需连接词,缺少主语,故填none或they。
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二、定语从句与地点状语从句
   用一个恰当的单词完成下列句子,使之完整与正确。
   ①Rice doesnt grow well               there is not enough water.
   ②I still remember the farm              my parents worked ten years ago.
        定语从句与地点状语从句的主要区别在于:定语从句有表示地点的先行词,而地点状语从句则没有;定语从句的关系词根据需要可以用“介词+which”来代替where,而地点状语从句则通常只能由 where引导。因此,从结构上看,①小题无表示地点的先行词,故为表示地点的状语从句,填where;②小题中the farm是先行词,是定语从句,故填where,此处的where可以用on which替换。
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三、定语从句与强调句
    用一个恰当的单词完成下列句子,使之完整与正确。
   ①It is on the morning of May 1st           I met Liang Wei at the airport.
   ②It is the factory                   Mr Wang works.
    定语从句与强调句的主要区别在于:强调句的结构为“It is/was+被强调部分+that+从句”。被强调部分可以是除谓语以外的任何成分,当被强调部分是人时,还可用who代替that。在这个句型中,一定不能因为被强调部分是表示时间或地点的词就用when或where代替 that。从结构上看,①小题是强调句,故填 that。此种情况检测的标准是:先把强调句中的It is/was that去掉,再把被强调部分还原,在不增加或减少任何单词的情况下,如果句子仍然成立则为强调句,否则为定语从句。将第①小题改为:I met Liang Wei on the morning of May 1st at the airport.显然,这句话是正确的,故为强调句。②小题则是定语从句,用上述方法转换便知the factory前缺少一个介词in,故填 where。
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四、定语从句与结果状语从句
   用一个恰当的单词完成下列句子,使之完整与正确。
   ①I have the same computer                  you have.
   ②She is such a kind and funny girl              all of us like to make friends with her.
      定语从句与结果状语从句的主要区别在于(这里只讨论the same ...as/that和such ...as/that两种情况):在这两种情况下,如果as/that既引导从句,同时又在从句中充当一定的成分,则as/that引导的是定语从句。在the same...as/that结构中,用as指同样的,但不是同一个事物;用that指同一物品,故①小题填as;如果as/that在从句中不作任何成分,只起连接作用,则as/that引导的是结果状语从句,故②小题填that。
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五、定语从句与习惯句型
   用一个恰当的单词完成下列句子,使之完整与正确。
   ①It is the first time  she        has been to Shanghai.
   ②It was the time          Chinese people had a hard life.
  这里①小题是一个习惯句型,其结构为:It is/was the first/second ... time +that从句。故①小题填that。句意为:这是她第一次来到上海。②小题的the time是先行词,其后是表示时间的定语从句,故填 when。
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六、定语从句与简单句
  用一个恰当的单词完成下列句子,使之完整与正确。
  ①The mother told the lazy boy to work, didn’t help.
  ②The mother told the lazy boy to work. didn’t help.
   含有定语从句的复合句与简单句的主要区别在于:前者有主句,有从句,必须有关系词;而后者则是两个单独的句子,不需要任何关联词。①小题两个句子用逗号连接且没有并列连词,显然应该是主从句关系,因此需用关系词which引导,前面整个句子作先行词;②小题则填It,代替前面的整个句子。解题时,要注意标点符号的运用。
1. 时间状语从句
     常见的连词(组):
     when, while, as, before, after, once, till, until, as soon as, now that, hardly ...when, scarcely ...when, no sooner ...than等。
     可以引导时间状语从句的副(介)词(短语)或名词短语:
    directly, instantly, immediately, by the time, the moment, the second, the minute, the instant, every time, each time, next time, the last time等。
     注意点如下:
    (1) when, while, as引导的时间状语从句
    as表示“当……的时候”,往往和when/ while通用,但它着重强调主句与从句的动作或事情同时或几乎同时发生。when(at or during the time)既可以表示在某一点的时候,又可以表示在某一段时间内,主句与从句的动作或事情可以同时发生也可以先后发生。while强调一段时间,仅表示从句和主句的动作同时发生,并且有延续意义,该从句中的动词一般要用延续性动词,从句中常用过去进行时态或一般过去时态;当when表示a period of time时,两者可以互换。
    She came up as I was cooking.(同时)
    在我做饭时,她走了过来。
   When we were at school, we went to the library every day.(在一段时间内)
   当我们在学校时,每天都去图书馆。
    While they were watching TV, I was preparing myself for the coming examination.  
    他们在看电视,而我在为即将到来的考试做准备。
    Strike while the iron is hot. 趁热打铁。 ( 不可用as或when,这里的while意思是“趁……”)
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(2) before引导状语从句时的常见重点句型
①It will (not) be ...before ...
还要……才,要不了多久就……
It was (not) ...before ...    过了……才(没多久就……)
It was a long time before I got to sleep.
过了好长时间我才睡着了。
It wasnt long before he told me about the news.
没多久他就告诉了我那条新闻。
② 不等……就……;  在……之前就……
The telephone rang off before I could answer it.  
我还没来得及接电话,电话就挂断了。
③ 刚……就……
He hardly entered the room before he heard the telephone ring.
他刚进屋电话铃就响了。
④ 先……再……
You can have a few days to think about it before you make your decision.
做决定之前你还有几天时间考虑。
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(3)since 引导的从句用延续性动词的过去式(包括过去完成时)时,则从句的动作已经结束,从句意思是否定的。如果从句的动词是延续性动词的现在完成时态,则从句意思是肯定的。
    He has never been to see me since I was ill.
    我病愈后,他一直未来看我。(不再生病了)
   He has never been to see me since I have been ill.
  我病了,他一直未来看我。
  I havent heard from him since he lived here.
  自他从这里搬走,我就没有收到他的信。(不住在这儿了)
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(4) till, until
   如果till与until用在肯定句中时,则主句中谓语动词部分所表示的动作或状态一直延续到某时或某个动作发生时才结束。注意它的倒装句和强调句。
    I didnt recognize she was my classmate until she took off her dark glasses.
   =Not until she took off her dark glasses did I recognise she was my classmate
  =It was not until she took off her dark glasses that I recognised she was my classmate.
   直到她摘下墨镜,我才认出她是我的同学。
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2. 原因状语从句
    引导原因状语从句的常见连词或短语:as, because, since, now that, considering that, seeing that(鉴于……)。注意以下几点:
    (1) because, since, as, for, now that
    because语气最强,用于回答why的提问,可与强调词only, just 以及否定词not 连用。但不可以与so连用。
    since  引导的从句语气次于because引导的从句,常表示稍加分析后而推断出的原因,或指人们已知的事实,比as正式一些,常置于句首。
    as    语气最弱,其原因只是对结果的附带说明,一般放在句首。
    for虽然解释为“因为”但只是一个并列连词,它也常引导句子表示原因,但不是原因状语从句,它是一个并列句。for所提供的理由是一种补充性的说明,表示推测的理由。
    now that意为“既然,由于”。表示由于人们已知的事实或正在发生的事而产生某个结果。
    He failed because he was careless.他因粗心而失败了。
    Since everyone has come, lets begin our meeting.
    既然大家都来了,我们开会吧。
   As all the seats were full, he stood there.
    所有的座位都满了,他只好站那儿。
   It might have rained last night for the ground is wet.
   昨晚可能下雨了,因为地面是湿的。
   Now that the kids have left home we have a lot of extra space.
   由于孩子们离开了家,所以我们有了额外的空间。
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3. 地点状语从句
地点状语从句常由下列连词引导:where, wherever等。
You may find him where his brother lives.
你可能会在他哥哥居住的地方找到他。
You are free to go wherever you like.
你可以去你想要去的任何地方。
Anywhere he went, he got warm welcome.
无论他走到哪儿,都受到热烈欢迎。
The girl takes the doll with her everywhere she goes.
这个女孩无论去哪都带着她的布娃娃。
Where there is a will, there is a way.  有志者事竟成。
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4. 结果状语从句
    结果状语从句常由下列连词引导:so ...that,such ...that,so that等。要注意以下几个问题:
   (1) 五种结构:
   ① so+adj./adv.+that ...
   ② such (a/an+adj.)+n.+that ...
   ③ so+adj.+a/an+n.+that=such a/an+adj.+n.+that ...
   ④ so many/much/few/little(少)+n.+that ...
   ⑤ such+(adj.) +n. (u/pl.)+ that
   He spoke so fast that I couldnt follow him.
  他说的如此的快,我跟不上他。
   It was such a lovely day / so lovely a day that we all went swimming.
   今天天气如此的好,我们大家都去游泳了。
   (2) so或such置于句首时,主句常用倒装。
     It was such a lovely day / so lovely a day that we all went swimming.
=Such a lovely day was it that we all went swimming.
   今天天气如此的好,我们大家都去游泳了。
   (3)注意以上结构与定语从句so/such ...as的区别。
   This is such an interesting/so interesting a film that everyone wants to see it.
   这是一部很有趣的电影以至于每个人都想去看。
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5. 目的状语从句
   目的状语从句由下列连词引导:so that, in order that, for fear that, in case等。(注:so that也可用来引导结果状语从句)
   so that, in order that引导的目的状语从句中常需用情态动词。
   so that引导的目的状语从句只能放在主句之后。
  in order that 引导的目的状语从句可以放在主句之前或之后。
   We set out early so that we could see the sunrise.
   我们很早出发以便能看到日出。
   He sent the letter by air mail so that it might reach them in time.
   他空邮这封信以便他们能及时收到。
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6. 条件状语从句
   条件状语从句分为真实条件句和非真实条件句(用在虚拟语气中)。注意:在真实条件句中,常用一般时态代替将来时。常由下列连词引导条件状语从句:if, unless, suppose, supposing, providing (that), provided (that), given (that), in case, on condition that, as long as, so long as, so far as等。
    (1) unless=if not
   You will fail unless you study hard.
    除非你努力,否则你就要失败。
    (2) suppose, supposing, providing(that), provided(that), given(that)= if
   Given that he supports us, well win the election.
   如果他支持我们,我们就会赢得选举。
   (3)on condition that, as long as, so long as = only if
   As long as you dont lose heart, you will succeed.
   只要你不灰心,你就会成功。
   (4) as(so) far as ...
   So far as I am concerned, Im in favour of “mercy killing”.
   就我个人而言, 我支持安乐死。
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7. 让步状语从句
   引导让步状语从句的连词:although, though, as, even if, even though,while, whether ...or, whoever, whatever, however, no matter+疑问词等。注意以下几点:
    (1) although,  though引导让步状语从句时,主句前不能用but,但可以加yet, still。
   Though it was raining hard, yet they didnt stop working.  
   尽管下着大雨,他们仍然在工作。
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(2) as引导让步状语从句时,必须用前置结构,通常是从句中的表语、状语或动词原形放在句首,放在句首的名词前的冠词要去掉。
   Though he is a child, he knows a lot.=Child as(though)he is, he knows a lot.
   尽管他是个孩子,但他仍知道的很多。(注意:在child前不要用冠词)
    Though I like it very much, I wont buy it.=Much as I like it, I wont buy it.
   尽管我非常喜欢它,但我也不会买它。
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(3)whether ...or (not ) 引导的从句,提供两个对比的“尽管”情况,含有条件意味。
 (Whether you)Believe it or not, it is true.
   信不信由你,这是真的。
    Whether you come here or we go there, the topic of discussion will remain unchanged.
   不管是你来这儿还是我们去那儿,讨论的主题保持不变。
   (4) 疑问词+ever=no matter +疑问词
   Whoever you are, you must show your pass.
   无论你是谁,你都必须出示你的通行证。
   Whenever you come, you are welcome.  
   无论你什么时候来,都欢迎。
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8. 方式状语从句
    引导方式状语从句的连词或短语:as, as if, as though,the way等。注意以下几点:
   (1) as引导方式状语从句时意为“按照”,“如同”,前面常用加强语气。
   I did it just as you told me.
  = I did it just as told to.
  我是按照你的吩咐做的。
  He didnt win the match as expected.
   他没有像预料的那样赢得比赛。
    (2) as if和as though 引导的从句中,谓语常用虚拟语气,有时也用陈述语气。
   It seems as if it were going to rain.
   天似乎要下雨了。
   (3)连词while 和whereas 可以表示对比。
   Whereas he is rather lazy, she is quite energetic.
   她相当的有活力,而他却很懒惰。
注意:状语从句中的省略现象
   (1) 连接词+过去分词
   Unless repaired, the washing machine is no use.
    除非洗衣机被修好了,否则它就没用了。
    (2) 连词+现在分词
   Look out while crossing the street.
   过马路时,要小心。
   (3)连词+形容词/其他
   常见的有if necessary,if possible,when necessary,if any等。
   (4) 比较状语从句中的省略
   He arrived home half an hour earlier than (he had been) expected.
   他比预想的早到家半个小时。
一、语法一致原则
    语法上一致就是谓语动词和主语单、复数形式上保持一致。
    1. 以单数名词或代词、动词不定式短语、动名词短语或从句作主语时,谓语动词一般用单数形式;主语为复数时,谓语动词用复数形式。
    What she said is very important for us all.
   她的话对我们都很重要。
   Between the two hills stands a monument.
   这座纪念碑矗立在两座小山之间。
  另外,由what 引导的主语从句,后面的谓语动词多数情况用单数形式,但若表语是复数或what 从句是一个带有复数意义的并列结构时,主句的谓语动词用复数形式。
   What I bought were three English books.
   我买的东西是三本英语书。
   What I say and do is (are) helpful for you.
   我所说的所做的对你是有帮助的。
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2. 由连接词and或both...and连接起来的合成主语后面,要用复数形式的谓语动词。
   The boy and the girl were surprised when they heard the news.
   当他们听到这个消息后,都惊呆了。
  ①若and所连接的两个词是指同一个人或物时,它后面的谓语动词应用单数形式。
  Our teacher and friend is Mr. Li.
  李老师既是我们的老师又是我们的朋友。
  ②由and 连接的并列单数主语前如果分别有 no, each, every, 或more than a(an)/one,  many a (an)修饰时, 其谓语动词要用单数形式。
   Many a worker and engineer has succeeded in the experiment.
   在这次试验中,许多工人和工程师取得了成功。
   More than one student is here.
   不只一个学生在这儿。
   Each pen and each paper is found in its place.
   纸和笔散落一地。
   注意:如果是more+名词的复数+than one这一结构时,后面的谓语动词要用复数形式。
   More students than one are here.
   很多学生都在这儿。
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3. 主语为单数名词或代词,尽管后面跟有 with, together with, except, but, like, as well as, no less than, rather than, besides, along with, including, in addition to 等引起的短语,谓语动词仍用单数形式;若主语为复数,谓语动词用复数形式。
   E-mail, as well as telephone, is playing an important part in daily communication.
   邮件和电话在日常交往中起着重要的作用。
  Mr. Green, together with a baby was on the bus.
   格林先生和一个孩子在车上。
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4. either, neither, each, every 或no+单数名词和由some, any, no, every构成的复合不定代词作主语时,谓语用单数。
   Everything around us is matter.
   一切都由物质构成。
   注意:①在口语中当either或neither 后跟有“of +复数名词(或代词)”作主语时,其谓语动词也可用复数。
   Neither of the texts is(are)interesting.
  两篇课文没有一篇令人感兴趣。
    ②若none of 后面的名词是不可数名词,它的谓语动词就要用单数;若它后面的名词是复数,它的谓语动词用单数或复数都可以。
   None of us has (have) been to America.
  我们都没有去过美国。
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5. 如果集体名词指的是整个集体,它的谓语动词用单数形式;如果它指的集体的成员,其谓语动词用复数形式。people, police, cattle, militia, poultry等名词都多用作复数。
   The police are looking for the lost child.
   警察正在寻找那个失踪的孩子。
    而有些集体名词如family, class, crowd, committee, population, audience 等有时作单数看待,有时作复数看待,主要根据意思来确定。
   My family was here two years ago.
   两年前,我家搬到了这儿。
   My family arent enjoying music.
   我们家人都不喜欢音乐。
   Class Four are unable to agree upon a monitor.
   四班的同学就班长人选未达成一致。
   Class 4 is on the third floor.
   四班在三楼。
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6. 由“a lot of, lots of, plenty of, a (large) quantity of, the rest of+名词”构成的短语以及由“分数或百分数+名词”构成的短语作主语时,其谓语动词的数要根据短语中后面名词的数而定。
     Three fourths of the surface of the earth is sea.
    地球表面的34是由水覆盖。
    50 percent of the students in our class are girls.
    我班50%的学生是女孩。
    此外,还有“a number of +复数名词”作主语时,谓语用复数,但“the number of +复数名词”作主语时,谓语用单数。
    The number of people invited was fifty, but a number of them       were absent for different reasons.
   邀请了50人但一些因不同原因缺席。
    但是large quantities of和large amounts of引导的短语作主语时,谓 语动词要用复数。
   Large quantities of money were spent on the bridge.
   建这座大桥花了很多钱。
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7. 如果主语是由“a kind of, a series(a species) of等+名词”构成,谓语动词通常用单数形式。
   Is this kind of bicycle made in Shanghai?
  这种自行车是由上海制造的吗?
  但是bicycles of this kind 或these kinds of bicycles作主语时后面的谓语动词要用复数形式。
   Books of this kind sell well.
   这种书销售的好。
   如果种类不是一种而是多种,谓语动词应为复数。
   There are many kinds of pears.
   梨有很多种。
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二、逻辑意义一致原则
    意义一致就是谓语动词的数必须和主语的意义一致。(因有时主语形式为单数,但意义为复数;有时形式为复数,但意义为单数)
   1.what, who, which, any, more, most, all等代词可以是单数,也可是复数,主要靠意思来决定。
   Are any of you good at English?
   你们都擅长英语吗?
   All that can be done has been done.
   该做的都做了。
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2.表示“时间、重量、长度、价值”等的名词的复数作主语时,谓语动词通常用单数形式,这是由于作主语的名词在概念上是一个整体。
   Thirty minutes is enough for the work.
   这活三十分钟足够了。
   3.若主语是书名、影片名、格言、剧名、报名、国名等的复数形式,其谓语动词通常用单数形式。
   The United States is smaller than China.
  美国比中国小。
   4.表示数量的短语“one and a half ”后边接复数名词作主语时,其谓语动词要用单数形式。
   One and a half apples is left on the table.
  桌子上有一个半苹果。
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5.算式中表示数目(字)的主语通常作单数看待,其谓语动词常用单数形式。
   Fifty-six divided by eight is seven.
   56除以8等于7。
   6.一些以 -ics结尾的学科名词如mathematics, politics, physics 等, 都是形式上的复数名词,实际上却为不可数名词,它们作主语时,其谓语动词常用单数形式。
    I don’t think physics is easy to study.
   我认为物理难学。
   7.复数形式的单、复数同形的名词作主语时,谓语动词的形式主要取决于句子的意思。谓语动词用单数,表示单数概念;谓语动词用复数,表示复数概念。这类名词主要有means(方式、方法), works(工厂), species(种类)等。
   Every means was tried to make him give up smoking.
   试了每种方法让他戒烟。
8.trousers, glasses, clothes, shoes, scissors(剪刀)等词作主语时,谓语用复数,但如果这些名词前有a (the)pair of等量词修饰时(clothes被a suit of修饰),谓语动词用单数。
    The pair of shoes under the bed is his.
    床下面的那双鞋子是他的。
   The two pairs of trousers are broken.
   两条裤子都破了。
    9.“定冠词the +形容词或过去分词”,表示某一类人时,谓语动词用复数;若表示某一类东西时,谓语动词用单数。
    The old are taken good care of there.
   在那儿,老人们受到很好的照顾。
三、就近一致原则
   1.当两个主语由either ...or, neither ...nor, not only...but also..., whether...or...连接时,谓语动词和邻近的主语保持一致。
   Either the teacher or the students are our friends.
   不论老师还是学生都是我们的朋友。
   Neither they nor he is wholly right.
   无论他们还是他都是错误的。
   2.there be句型中,be动词的单复数取决于其后的主语。如果其后是由and连接的两个主语,则应与靠近的那个主语保持一致。
   There are two chairs and a desk in the room.
   房间里有两把椅子和一张桌子。
1.强调句
    (1) 强调人时可用who,强调其他任何部分都用that。所强调的可以是单词、短语,也可以是句子,但结构必须完整。被强调的成分可以是主语、宾语和状语,但不能是定语或谓语。
   It is not only blind men who make such stupid mistakes.
   不仅是盲人才会犯这种愚蠢的错误。
(2) 强调句型的一般疑问句只需把is/was提前。
    Was it in 1933 that the Second World War broke out?
    第二次世界大战是在1933年爆发的吗?
    Is it American films that he likes to watch most?
    他最喜欢看的是美国电影吗?
    (3) 强调句型的特殊疑问句结构是“疑问词+ is/was+it+that从句”。
   Why is it that smoking is not allowed here?
   为什么不允许在这儿抽烟?
   (4) 原因状语从句中只有because引导的从句可以被强调。
  It was because her mother was ill that she didn’t come to school yesterday.
   是因为她妈妈病了她昨天才没来上学的。
Page No.1479
(5) 在not ...until ...结构中,对until引导的短语或从句进行强调时,需用It isnt/wasnt until ...that ...这一固定句型。that从句中谓语动词用肯定形式。
    It was not until she took off her dark glasses that I recognized she was a famous film star.
    直到她摘下墨镜我才认出她是一位著名的影星。
     注意:It is/was ...that ...结构不能强调谓语,如果需要强调谓语时,用助动词do,did或does+动词原形,且只限于祈使句和肯定的陈述句。
    Do be careful when crossing the street.
    过马路时一定要当心。
    Mike does enjoy playing football.
    迈克确实喜欢踢足球。
Page No.1480
2.省略句
    (1) 在when, while, whenever, till, as soon as, if, unless, as if, though, as等引导的状语从句中,若从句中的谓语有be动词,而从句的主语又与主句主语相同或主语是it时,从句的主语和be常被省略。
    Unless (I am) invited, I wont go to the party.
    如果没被邀请,我是不会去参加那个聚会的。
    When (you are) working,you must pay attention.
   工作时,你必须全神贯注。
   
3.倒装句
   (1) 表示否定意义或半否定意义的词置于句首时,常用部分倒装。常见的词有:seldom, never, hardly, no, not, little等。
     Little did he know that the police were around.
    他一点儿也不知道警察就在旁边。
     Never before has our country been as united as it is.
    现在我们的国家空前团结。
    (2) 由only,not until引导的状语置于句首时,常用部分倒装。
    Only by working hard can we succeed.
   只有努力工作,我们才能取得成功。
    (3) no sooner ...than, hardly ...when等结构中,no sooner和hardly置于句首时,主句用倒装形式。
   No sooner had he arrived home, he began to prepare the supper.他一到家就开始准备晚饭。
    Hardly had he entered the room, it began to rain.
    他一进屋就开始下雨了。
Page No.1483
(4) 在so/such ...that引导的结果状语从句中,so或such引导的部分置于句首时主句用倒装。
    So shallow is the lake that no fish can live in it.
    湖水那么浅,以致于没有鱼能在里面生存。
    Such a good boy is he that we all love him.
    他是那么好的一个孩子,我们都喜欢他。
      另外,“so/neither/nor+be/助动词/情态动词+主语”so与前面的肯定句呼应,neither/nor与前面的否定句呼应。其中动词的形式取决于前一句的动词。表示前者的情况也(不)适用于后者或一者(不)具备两种情况。
   After that we never saw her again,nor did we hear from her.
   从那以后我们再也没见过她,也没有收到过她的信件。
   I saw the film last week.So did she.
  上周我看了这部电影,她也看了。
   (5) 省略if的虚拟条件句以had/were/should开头引起的倒装。
    Were she my friend, I would ask her for help.
    如果她是我的朋友,我就会请她帮忙。
 
 



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